Reference the source where you have taken the chart, table or graph from. For example, if you found it in a book, reference the book; if found on a website, reference the website etc
You should provide an in-text citation for any chart, table, graph that you reproduce in your work. The citation would normally be given after the caption/title of the chart, table, diagram or graph. Include the page number(s) if coming from a printed source.
In-text reference example
Figure 1. Solar adsorption cooling system (Kalogirou 2009, p.366).
Reference list format
Follow the format for the source you have taken the chart, table, diagram or graph from. Use the relevant example from this guide to identify the format your reference should follow.
In-text reference examples
This can be seen in Welles' version of Macbeth (1948).
As seen by displays of public behaviour, power, stereotyping (Cross cultural communication skills 2005)...
Note: after the first mention in your writing you can just use the film title.
Reference list format
Title, Year [material designation]. Subsidiary originator (if applicable e.g. Director). Production details
Reference list example
Macbeth, 1948 [film]. Directed by Orson WELLES. USA: Republic Pictures
Cross cultural communication skills, 2005 [DVD]. Gower
Image, artistic piece (painting, sculpture, photograph, mannequin, etc), exhibition or museum piece
You should provide an in-text reference for any image, artistic piece, exhibition or museum piece that you reproduce in your work – and when you refer to a piece you have seen in its original format but not reproduced in your work.
If you have reproduced the image, the citation would normally be given after the caption/title of the image, artistic piece, exhibition or museum piece or image. Include the page number(s) if coming from a printed source.
If you have not reproduced the image, follow the usual reference format for the source. You may do this if you have seen the original artwork such as a painting, photo, sculpture, building, dress, design, installation etc., at an exhibition, in a gallery, fashion show, museum, personal collection etc., and would like to reference it.
In-text reference example – image/artistic piece reproduced in your work
Image 1: Tawny House (CaSa Architects 2021)
In-text reference example - image/artistic piece not reproduced in your work
As can be seen in the painting Dancing Lesson (Degas 1880)....
Reference list format – image/artistic pieces viewed in original form
ARTIST(S), Year. Title of work [material designation]. At: Location
Reference list example - image/artistic pieces viewed in original form
DEGAS, E., 1880. Dancing lesson [oil on canvas]. At: Williamstown, Massachusetts: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute (no.562)
In-text reference example - exhibition or museum piece
The acclaimed exhibition displayed astounding work (Lynette Yiadom-Boakye Fly in League with the night 2022) ...
Reference list format - exhibition or museum piece
Title of exhibition (in italics), Year. [Exhibition or Museum in square brackets]. Location. Date(s) of Exhibition
Reference list example - exhibition or museum piece
Lynette Yiadom-Boakye Fly in League with the night, 2022 [Exhibition]. Tate Modern, London. 24 November 2022 - 26 February 2023
Reference list format – image/artistic piece reproduced from a print source
Printed images are usually found in books or magazines. Follow the examples for how to reference a book, magazine article etc. as appropriate.
Reference list format - image/artistic piece reproduced from electronic source
Electronic images are usually found on websites or in a database. Follow the example for referencing a website.
Referencing your own images
If you take a photograph and wish to use it in your work, you do not have to reference it. To show you own the photograph you should put “Author's own image” to the caption you add underneath your image.
In-text reference example - beneath the image
Image 1: Give image a title (Author's own image)
In-text reference example
..as seen in the influence of folk music (Britten 1980).
Reference list format
ORIGINATOR(S), Year of publication. Title. Subsidiary ORIGINATOR (e.g. editor). Place of publication: Publisher
Reference list example
BRITTEN, B., 1980. Eight folk song arrangements, for high voice and harp. Osian ELLIS, ed. London: Faber Music
In-text reference example
Riddoch (2008) described the impact...
Or
The impact has been described as...(Riddoch 2008)
Reference list format
BROADCASTER (if available), Year of broadcast. Title of podcast [podcast]. Date of podcast [accessed date]. Available from: URL
Reference list example
RIDDOCH, L., 2008. Harnessing Scotland’s energy [podcast]. 29 December [accessed 9 February 2009]. Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/audio/2008/dec/29/scotland-energy-lesley-riddoch
In-text reference example
This issue has been discussed on the radio... (Woman's hour 2008)
Woman's hour (2008) discussed this issue and outlined how...
Reference list format
Programme title, Year of broadcast [radio]. Channel. Date. Time
Reference list example
Woman's hour, 2008 [radio]. BBC Radio 4. 4 June. 19:00
If one person is clearly responsible for the content of the reference, they can be named as the creator.
In-text reference example
This issue is highlighted by Smith (2008) in a radio broadcast...
It is clear that this issue is problematic and has been highlighted... (Smith 2008)
Reference list format
CREATOR(S), Year of broadcast. Programme title [radio]. Channel. Date. Time
Reference list example
SMITH, A., 2008. Woman's hour [radio]. BBC Radio 4. 4 June. 19:00
Sound Recording
In-text reference example
Gordon (1976) is an example of..
Reference list format
ORIGINATOR(S), Year of publication. Title of piece. In: Title of source. Medium. Production details, numeration. Distributor
Reference list example
GORDON, D., 1976. Settin' the pace. In: Long tall Dexter, the Savoy sessions. Stereo sound disk. New York: Savoy, SIL 221, side B, track 5. Distributed by Arista Records Inc
Songs or Albums
In-text reference example
The Levellers (1991) include this in...
Reference list format
There are some variations on what is included in a reference depending on whether you are referencing a single or a whole album. See below for examples.
If you want to look up catalogue numbers, the Discogs website may be useful: https://www.discogs.com/
ARTIST, Year. Song title (if needed). In: Album title (if needed) [format e.g. CD]. Catalogue number (if available). Record label (if available).
Reference list example - single from an album
LEVELLERS, 1991. Far from home. In: Levelling the land [CD]. WOLCDL 1022. China Records
Reference list example - single
THE BEATLES, 1968. Hey Jude [vinyl 7” single]. R 5722. Apple Records
Reference list example - album
LEVELLERS, 1991. Levelling the land [CD]. WOLCDL 1022. China Records
Online self-release of music
If you want to look up catalogue numbers, the Discogs website may be useful: https://www.discogs.com/
In-text reference example
.. this is shown in the work of the Solent Band (2015)
Reference list format
ARTIST, Year. Song title. In: Album title (if available) [format e.g. online single]. Catalogue number (if available). Record label (if available) [viewed date]. Available from: URL
Reference list example - single from an album
SOLENT BAND, 2015. The joy of studying. In: The Uni days [self-released single]. SSU2015. Solent Records [viewed 15th December 2015]. Available from: www.solentrecords.ac.uk
Reference list example - single
SOLENT BAND, 2015. The joy of studying [self-released single]. SSU SR 2015. Solent Records [viewed 15th December 2015]. Available from: www.solentrecords.ac.uk
Discography
In-text reference example
The Who (1982) exemplify this in...
Reference list format
ARTIST, Year. Album title [CD]. Place of distribution (i.e. a town or city): Name of distributor
Reference list example
THE WHO, 1982. It's Hard [CD]. UK: Polydor
TV Programme
In-text reference example
This event was reported on television the same day (News at Ten 2008)
Reference list format
Programme title, Year [TV]. Channel. Date. Time [if necessary]
Reference list example
News at ten, 2008 [TV]. ITV1. 16th June
Episode in a Series
In-text reference example
24 hours in A&E, series 4, episode 8, A few good men (2013) includes…
Reference list format
Series title, series #, episode #, episode title, Year [medium]. Channel. Date.
Reference list example
24 hours in A&E, series 4, episode 8, A few good men, 2013 [TV]. More4. 5 April
Episode from on-demand platform
In-text reference example
The characters are clearly… (Designated Survivor, series 1, episode 3, The confession 2016)
Britain’s secret charity cheats, series 2, episode 1 (2019) demonstrates this effectively…
Reference list format
Series title, series #, episode #, episode title, Year [medium]. Channel/platform. Date [if available]
Reference list examples
Designated Survivor, series 1, episode 3, The confession, 2016 [TV]. Netflix
Britain’s secret charity cheats, series 2, episode 1, 2019 [TV]. iPlayer. 27 May
Your own primary research does not need to be referenced - cite your interviewee in the text as a personal communication, with a referral, if appropriate, to the full interview transcript in an appendix.
The guidance for referencing an interview that was part of a television programme is below.
In-text reference example
Blair (1997) made the claim that…
Reference list format
INTERVIEWEE., Year. Interview. In: Programme title. Channel. Date. Time
Reference list example
BLAIR, T., 1997. Interview. In: Six o'clock news. BBC1. 15 August. 18:00
In-text reference example
The use of music is a fundamental component in video games, as is evident in Solent Video Creatives (2017).
Reference list format
ORIGINATORS, Year of first release. Title of game [video game]. Publisher
Reference list format - online game
ORIGINATORS, Year of first release. Title of game [video game]. Publisher [viewed date]. Available from: URL/location
Reference list examples
SOLENT VIDEO CREATIVES, 2017. Match time [video game]. SSU Arts
SOLENT VIDEO CREATIVES, 2017. Match time [video game]. SSU Arts [viewed 10th February 2018]. Available from: www.solentarts.com